Radio repeater having a pulse regenerator



Feb. 3, 1953 c. B. H. FELDMAN RADIO REPEATER HAVING A PULSE REGENERATOR 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed July 11, 1950 /NVENTOR C. B. H. FELD/JAW A 7- TOR/VE? Feb. 3, 195'3 C. B. H. FELDMAN RADIO REPEATER HAVING A PULSE.' REGENERATOR Filed July 11, 1950 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 TH Il //v VEA/ron C. B. h'. FEL DMA/V ATTORNEY Feb. 3, 1953 c. B. H. FELDMAN 2,627,574

RADIO REPEATER HAVING A PULSE REGENERATOR Filed July l1, 1950 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 /Nl/E/v TOR C.. B. H. FELDMAN Feb. 3,. 1953 c, B, H, FELDMAN 2,627,574

RADIO REPEATER HAVING A PULSE REGENERATOR Filed July 11, 1950 55 Sheets-Sheet 4 c. 5. H. FEL DMA/v ATTORNEY 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 /NL/E/v TOR C. B. H. FELD/MAN ATTORNEY Patented Feb. 3, i953 UNITED STATES ATENT OFFICE RADIO REPEATER HAVING A PULSE VRE('JFNERATOR 12 Claims.

This invention relates to signal regeneration and, vmore particularly, to circuits yfor theregenlera-tion of microwave pulses. These circuits may comprise circulating pulse regenerators similar to `the circulating .pulse generators described in a copending application of C. C. Cutler, Serial No. 118,889, datedSept-einber 3U, 1949.

It is an vobject ofthe invention to periodically 4gate and amplify a short .segment of an input signal under the control of a recurrent-ly 'varying control wave.

It is also 4an object of this invention to regenerate microwave pulses.

A further object of the invention is to deter mine from a microwave signal modulated by recurrent pulses and spaces, which of the incoming signals are more likely to have been pulses and which were more likely to have been spaces. Further, itis an object to increase those signals which are determined to be pulses to a uniform amplitude and to reduce all others to zero.` It is also an object of the invention to retime the signal pulses.

Another object of the invention is to gate a short representative segment of an incoming signal at the mid-period of each nominal occurrence time into a regenerative repeater and then to gate the segment into an output circuit after it has been allowed to circulate through the pulse regenerator for a predetermined number of times. f

amplitude of high level signals relative to low levels and will be limited at a peak amplitude established by the limiter. The amplifier is adjusted to give the loop unity gain for a nominal pulse amplitude so that pulses of that amplitude will tend to circulate indenitely unless removed from the loop. The delay circuit controls the time required for a pulse to circulate through the loop.

Systems wherein complex wave forms such as speech are transmitted by pulses, for example,

binary systems wherein the intelligence to be communicated is represented by pulses and spaces arranged in accordance with a particular code, are now well known in the art. 1n binary systems', the pulses are originated with a unito detect onlythe presence or absence o'ffafpulse during a particular interval of time.. 'Due to noise and other interference, however.. the pulses may become varied in ainp'litllde and 4the spaces may be replaced by an appreciable signal. It is, therefore, desirable at a .repeater or relay to 1return the pulses to a uniform amplitudeand to attenuate the signal vduring spaces toysubstantially zero so that the pulses may acquire new noise disturbances transmission to the 'succeeding repeater, without retaining the g diS- turbance acquired in the preceding transmission path. 4,

A pulse `repeater inriaoco'rdance with a specific embodiment of4 the invention takes azvery short sample of the incoming signal .proportional to its amplitude at the mid-.period 'ofthe nominallpulse occurrence time. If the signal from whicnfthe sample is taken originated as a pulse, it i's probable that, at the repeater, it will be more than one-half` of its -original i standard amplitude. Conversely, 'if it originated as ja space, it is equally probable that the sampleV will be, less than .onehalf of a standard pulse amplitude. This, 4of course, assumes that the chos'enstandard amplitude i-s suliicient togive aminimum signal-tonoise ratio of six decibels for most transmission conditions. The repeater is therefore designed to ampufy au samples of .nearer than thesaustandard amplitude and attenuate all others. The elements which perform these operationswill usually not ,increase the pulses lto standard amplitude or attenuate the noise Ato `zero4 in one 'operation on the sample, A Therefore,A the Vsample.s are subjected to the reshaping operation more than once by circulatingthem through, the pulse regenerator lfor a suicient number oitimes to perform the required reshaping. AA`lim1iteris`included in the regenerator circuit to standardize theamplitude of the reshaped pulses. Timing circuits are provided to introduce the samples into the circulating regeneratorand to abstract the reshaped pulses after their predetermined number of trips through the loep. i

A regenerative repeateijucf the type to which the present invention is applicable is described in a copending application ci which I am a joint inventor, Serial No. 176,238, filed 3July 2'7,v 195.0. In the repeaters therein described, theinput, 'output, and blanking gates` are operated bypls'es which are generated fundeif Vthe Yc :on'trol of a sinusoidally varying wave Vwhose"frequn'ctf is accurately determined bythe average repetition rate of the incoming pulses. In accordance with 3 a specific embodiment oi the present invention, which will be described hereinafter in detail, the gating functions are performed entirely by sinusoidally varying control waves so that circuits capable of handling extremely short base band pulses are unnecessary. This and other features of the invention will be better understood by a consideration of the following detailed descripvtion when read in accordance with the attached drawings, in which:

Fig. l is a block schematic diagram of a repeater illustrative of the present invention;

Fig. 2A shows schematically a traveling-wave tube connected as a gate, and Figs'. 2B through 2E show diagrams illustrative of the operation of a traveling-wave gate;

Fig. 3 is a speciiic repeater, in schematic, of the type shown in Fig. 1 and embodying principles of the present invention;

Y Fig, (i is a pictorial view of a wave-guide hybrid junction; c

Fig. 5 shows wave forms illustrative of the circuit of Fig. 3

Fig. 6 shows characteristic curves of an expander and a limiter, both individually and combined; and

Fig. '7' is a diagram descriptive of the operation of the hybrid gate in Fig. 3.

' 1The general operation of a speciiic repeater illustrative of the present invention will now be described with particular reference to Fig. l. The incoming signal comprising pulses and spaces arranged in any arbitrary order is received by the antenna l and passes into the hybrid junction i I. Although the signal was originated with pulses of a vuniform amplitude,V the signal, when received at the repeater, may be distorted by noise, for example, and appear as shown in wave form I of Fig.4 Half of the'power entering the hybrid junction Il is applied to a timing circuit i' ally varying .control waves by the tuned power amplifier i5. The sine waves developed by amplier i5 each have the same frequency as the sinusoidal output of filter 'I3 but are displaced in timeby ,any lmeanswell known in the art for kreasons Awhich will 4subsequently become apparent; j A .L- Y

The power entering 'hybrid junction H, which iisnot applied to the timing circuit, is applied to ,tlie'input of gated ampiiier it. normally 'closed but is opened for a relatively The gate l is smallportion of a` pulse period at the mid-period of the norminal pulseoccurrence time by the first of the 'three aforementioned sinusoidally varying control waves. (Pulse period is herein deiined as lthe nominal time between adjacent pulse centers.) A narrowsegmentof the incoming signal 'iisthus gated and amplified by' ampliiier It at each pulse occurrence time. A narrow segment of the incoming signal will also be gated by amplifier I B mid-way between each pulse occurrence time as will hereinafter be explained. However, the'vlatter segment will differin frequency from the segment occurring atthe nominal pulse occurrencev time `so that only the iirst-mentioned segment, which is the more representative of the 4 originally transmitted signal, will be passed by iilter l1 and applied to hybrid junction I8. Hybrid junction i8 comprises the input of the circulating pulse regenerator.

The circulating pulse regenerator comprises the expander 2i, 1imiter 22, blanking gate 23, amplier 24, filter 25. and delay circuit 26. The order in which the elements of the loop circuit are connected together may be varied and, as shown, is illustrative only. Further, the desired characteristics of the loop elements may be embodied in a lesser or a greater number of devices than that shown. As previously explained, the expander increases the amplitude of all pulses greater than a predetermined amplitude relative to all others. In the present illustrative embodiment, the expander is adjusted to increase all pulses of greater than one-half of a standard amplitude of the originally transmitted pulse. The limiter 22 will determine the peak amplitude to which the circulating pulses can be increased by the expander, and the amplifier 24 supplies suiiicient gain to compensate for the losses of the loop so that the loop will have unity gain for pulses of one-half standard amplitude. The blanking gate 23 insures that the segments are removed from the .loop after `their predetermined number of trips through the loop. Filter 25 is a broad-band device denoting the selectivity of the lentire loop circuit. The delay circuit 275 controls the period of the circulating pulses and hence controls the time that a pulse will return to the point of its injection into the loop, namely, the hybrid junction i8.

Hybridjunction 2T comprises the output of the circulating pulse regenerator and applies a portion ofthe circulating pulses to the gated amplifier Z8. Gated ampliiier 28 .is normally closed, as is the input gating amplifier I5. However, under the control of the third of the sinusoidally varying control waves, the gate 23 is opened when a pulse segment which has completed the predetermined number of trips through the expander, limiter, and ampliiier ap pears in the hybrid junction 2'! so that the reshaped pulse is amplified and gated into the output. The iilter 29 reshapes the pulses by broadening the narrow pulse segments and applies them through amplifier 30 to the antenna 3i for transmission. 4 It also rejects the undesired segments gated out mid-way between the wanted pulses, as discussed in connection with lter i?.

After a pulse segment has been gated out of the loop, a portion of it will continue to circulate in the loop. However, the blanking gate 23 under the control of the second of the sinusoidally vary ing control waves attenuates the unwanted pulses so that they are completely removed from the loop.L

iis-previously mentioned, the pulse segments are recirculated through the reshaping portie s of the loop circuit via., the expander, limiter and amplifi r 2li to insure iat the pulses in creased to the standard amplitude determined 'the limiter 2 and to attenuate the noise to aero. If the total delay of the loop is less than one puise period, is theoretically possible to iecircuiate the pulse through the expander, limiter, and amm pliier without the intervention of a subsequent pulse. equal to one-tenth or a pulse period and if the p sample taken from the incoming pulse is equal to For example, if the total loop delay At microwave frequencies, itinay be .impossible to attain such short delays with traveling-Wave ainpliers, in which case it may be advisable to adjust the loop delay by `means of the delay cir cuit 25 to `make it greater than a'pulse period, for example, 1.1 periods. Ten trips through the loop without interference would still be possible a1- though the `pulses will be interleaved, as will be illustrated hereinafter. That is, segments from ten different pulses may be circulating through the loop during any one pulse period.

Other loop `delays are also possible. The major consideration is that a pulse, during its predetermined circulating period, must not return to the loop input at the occurrence time of a subsequent pulse. Further, the maximum number of `trips through the loop consistent with good operation will usually be desirable in order `to insure stand ardization of pulses at a uniform amplitude and attenuation of noise during spaces to .substantially aero. lt is, of course, necessary to take sufficiently short samples .troni the ineomng signal, both in order to take that portion of the signal which is rnost representative of the original signal and also in order that the segments will be suilciently short so that they can be recirculated through the loop as many times as desired Without interference. For the present illustration, the loop delay is taken as 1.1 pulse periods and the length of the gated pulse segments is one-tenth of a period.

The gates of the present invention comprise traveling-wave ampliers with a sinusoidally varying voltage applied between the helix and cathode. Traveling-Wave amplifiers are described in articles in the February 191327 Proceedings of the l. E. E., entitled Travellingfv'if ave Tubes by J. R. Pierce and L. M. Field at page 108, Theory of Beam-Type Travelling-Wave Tube by J. R. Pie-ce at page lll, and The Travellingi/ave Tube as an Ampliiier at Microwaves by R. lompfner at page 124.

A. traveling-Wave amplifier is shown schematically in Fig. 2A as comprising a cathode E2, electron gun anode 33, helix s, and collector source or direct-current voltage dii is connected between cathode and helix Sli to bias the helix and anode positive with respect to the cathode. By Way of example, the cathode-helix voltage or beam voltage may be on the order oA 1500 volts. The collector te is usually connected., as shown, slightly ess posi 've than the helix all, and the gun anode 33 is biased at the saine potential as the helix.

Energy to be amplified is applied to the helix by the input Wave guide 3i and is taken from the remote end the helix by the output wave guide As is lcnoivn, amplification of the input wave is effected by the interaction the electron beam formed between the cathode 32 and collector 35 and the electromagnetic or traveling wave. It is also known that amplication will result only i the forward velocity of the electromagnetic Wave is approximately the same as the velocity of the electrons or" the electron beam. For this reason, the input bearn is propagated along a helical transmission line to decrease its velocity to that of the beam electrons, which, with a beam voltage of 1500 volts, will be on the order of one-thirteenth the speed or" light.

With a helix of a given pitch, the range of eleotron velocities and hence cathode-helix voltages over which the tube will amplify is fairly restricted. A typical gain versus cathodehelix voltage characteristic is shown in Fig. 2B. As there illustrated, the gain `.curve is rather sharply peaked at 'the optimum helix voltage which .in the present villustration is taken fas 1500W/ellis. `For practical purposes, the tube will be considered out off when its output is `thirty decibels below the optimum value. Therefore, if Ithe voltage range between the thirty-decibel down points 'is denoted as .an effect similar to 'turning off the electron .beam Amay be obtained by varying the cathode helix from its optimum value by a voltage of greater than Since the sine Wave is varing at its most rapid rate When it goes through this range of voltage, the time t during which the sinusoidal control voltage is within the range and hence the time during whioh the gate open will be short relative to one period o f the control voltage which it is assumed has peat; voltage appreciably greater than The time t can be varied by varying the peak voltage of the sinusoidal control wave. For eX- ample, by increasing the peak control voltage op, the time t will be decreased.

To further illustrate the action of the traveling-wave gate, it will be assumed that an input signal comprising a train of radio frequency' pulses having a center frequency fo, as shown in Fig. 2C, is applied to the input of the gate. If the sinusoidal gating voltage goes through the range of wle in the time t at the peak of each radio frequency pulse, a short burst of radio frequency energyY will be amplified and gated through the tu, and will appear in the output of `the gate, shown on an expanded time `scale in Fig. 2- The envelope of the output pulse will be approxiu mately sinusoidal with a peak voltage proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the input radio frequency energy.

It will be noted that the sinusoidal gating voltage goes through the range of l) it' twice during veach cycle of the gating voltage, both on the positive and the negative excursions of the control Voltage. However, the change in the beam electron velocity due to the varying cathode-helix voltage will produce a phase shift in the output pulse due to the varying relative .Sacca-574 the three-decibel down points is t'; the frequency ,.1

change will be Since the envelope of the output pulse is approximately sinusoidal, the width of the pulse between the three decibel points will be roughly one third the width of the pulse at its base so that tzt. The frequencyT range or spectral width of such a pulse is t St Similarly, the frequency shift oi' the center frequency fo will be so that the output pulses on a frequency scale will appear as shown on Fig. 2E. The pulse of the higher frequency is the one which occurs in the positive excursions of the sinusoidal gating voltage i. e. when the gating voltage makes the helix more positive with respect to the cathode, and the pulse of the lower 'requency appears during' the other half cycle of the control wave. It will be noted that the spectrum of each of the output pulses is removed in frequency from the original center` frequency fo by a minimum of about so that there is a frequency diierence between the edges of the output spectra oi This feature of the gate facilitates rejection of the unwanted pulses by ltering so that only one pulse is passed for each cycle of the control wave.

The operation of the complete repeater will now be explained with reference to the circuit of Fig. 3 and the wave forms Vof Figj. input signal energy from the antenna Iii` of Fig l., illustrated by waveform I oi Fig. 5 enters the p-arm of hybrid junction I I. A hybrid junction is illustrated pictorially in Fig. 4 and is described in Patent 2,445,895t0 W. A. Tyrrel, dated July 2'?, 1.948. The hybrid junction illustrated in Fig. i comprises two pairs of conjugately related waveguide arms. One pair comprises two collinear arms designated a and b, respectively. The other pair comprises an arm joined in the electrical plane of the collinear arms and another arm joined in the magnetic plane of the collinear arms. Since electromagnetic energy which enters the arm joined in the electrical arm will be in phase in the a and o arms at equal distances from the junction, the arm joined in the electrical plane is identiiied as the parallel or p-arm. Similarly, from the phase relationship of energy entering the c and b arms from the arm joined in the magnetic plane, this latter arm is identiiied as the series or s arm. Due to the conjugate relationship of the arms, there is no direct coupling between the p and s arms or between the a and b arms. The hybrid junction II as used herein makes no especial use of the conjugacy feature but is employed merely as convenient tapping means.

The energy which enters the p-arm of hybrid junction II will therefore divide between the a and b arms. The s-arm is terminated in its characteristic impedance to absorb any energy which may be reected into it from either the a or b arms. Energy entering the b-arm is rectified by the crystal rectifier I2 and applied to the pulse rate filter I3, which, as previously described, is a narrow vband iilter tuned to the nominal pulse repetition rate. The sinusoidally varying output of lter I3 is amplified by ampliiier I4 and applied to the tuned power ampliner I5. The amplifier I5 produces the three sinusoidally varying control waves previously referred to, by any means well known in the art, which are each of the same frequency as the input sinusoidal wave but are displaced in time relative to each other. These three wave forms appear on the power amplier I5 output leads 4I, 42, and 43, respectively.

Energy entering the a-arm of hybrid junction II is applied to the input of traveling-wave arnpliiier I6 which is similar to the amplifier shown in Fig. 2A. Traveling-wave ampliiier it has a tuned circuit comprising the parallel inductors t4 and capacitor 45 tuned to the nominal pulse repetition rate and connected between the cathn ode 46 and helix 4l by means of the ground s3 which is the common potential of the helix and accelerating anodeY t9. Capacitors EQ and 5i serve to isolate the circuits for direct current and low frequencies but are effectively short circuits at the control wave frequency. The capacitor 5U by-passes the bias supply 52. Capacitors 5i are eiectively an open circuit for the low frequency voltage supplied to the heater 53 by the source 54 so that it is possible to supply the heater voltage from the source 5t by way of inductors 44.

The control voltage waveform appearing on output lead 4l is coupled into the tuned circuit by means of the link 55 and causes the cathode potential to swing positive and negative about a mean voltage equal to the cathode helix voltage supplied by battery 5.2. The timing of this first sinusodally varying waveform is illustrated by waveform Il of Fig. 5. .As described previously, the control wave is illustrated as positive when it aids the bias supply 52 and hence increases the beam voltage. Waveform II is timed so that it passes .through zero voltage on its positive excursion at the mid-period of the nominal pulse occurrence times which are indicated by the letters A, B, C, etc. Further, the amplitude of the control waveform Il is adjusted so that the control wave will go through the range of o to j-.v volts referred to in connection with Fig. 2B in a time t which in the present embodiment is one-tenth of the nominal pulse period. The pulse period, as previously explained, is the time between mid-periods of the nominal pulse oc currence times.

A short segment of the input signal, equal in length to one-tenth of a pulse` period and having a sinusoidal envelope is therefore amplied and gated by amplifier I6 at the mid-period of each pulse occurrence time. The pulse segments which are gated by amplifier I6 during the negative excursions of the gate-control voltage are rejected by filter Il which comprises the two spaced irises 58. The pulse segments having the higher frequencies therefore appear in the b-arm of hybrid junction lil as shown by waveform III of Fig. 5.

The pulse segments entering the b-arm of hybrid junction I8 pass by Way of the s-arrn thereof to the input of the expander 2l. Expander 2l comprises a hybrid junction of the type shown in Fig. 4 but With the conjugate a and b arms terminated by crystal rectifiers 5l. The crystals 5l provide a variable impedance ter mination for the wave-guide sections and control the amount of energy that is reflected by the o and b arms. One of the a and b arms, for example the barmis a quarter of a Wavelength longer than the other so that the energy is reflected from the [a and l) arms into the s-armin an additivemanner.

An expander characteristic i"s shown as curve c of Fig. 6 and is obtained by matching the impedance of the crystals 51 to the impedance of their corresponding wave-guide arms at a low signal amplitude. This results in substantially no reflection of the low levels from the a and b arms and hence relatively high attenuation of such signals. As the input signal level increases the d and lb arms will become progressively mismatched due to the non-ohmic resistance charac teristic of crystal rectifiersso` thaty the higher levels will be more completely reflected. The level at which the crystals are matched to their respective wave-guide sections is controlled by impedance matching devices in a well-known manner. An expander ofl the type described is disclosed in a depending application of C. C. Cutler Serial No. 118,8901ed September 30; 1949.

The expanded output from the .ri-arm of the expander is applied to the input of` the limiter 22 which is structurally' similar to the expander 2l. However, theV crystal rectiers'58 of the limiter are matched to their respective arms at av predetermined high level to limit the amplitude of the pulse segments to the desired standard amplitude. A limiter characteristic is shown as curve b of Fig. 5. The net effect of the expander and limiter is illustrated bythe combined expander-limiter characteristic shown as curve c of Fig. 5. At lower signal level the action of the expander predominates whilethe limiter prevents the higher levels from exceeding a prede terrnined peak amplitude which is herein referred to as unity standard amplitude. A limiter of the type described is disclosed. in a copending application of A. F; Dietrich Serial No. 118,856 filed September 30, 1949:

As previously mentioned it is desired toreduce all pulse segments of less than one-half of a standard amplitude to zero so that a` space will result and to increase all pulse segments of greater than one-half standard amplitude to unity standard amplitude, or to limit them to this value if `previously greater. Thus, a pulse of exactly one-half standard amplitude should remain unchanged by the loop and hence controls the loop gain.

The output of limiter 2'2 is applied to the blankingv gate 23 Which, for the present, will. be assumed' to be an open gate. The expanded and limited pulses are therefore applied by Wave guide 59 to the input of traveling-Wave amplifier 24. Amplifier 24 is biased in the normal vmanner for amplification by the battery @t and its gain is adjusted to compensate for the losses in the loop so that a pulse of one-half standard amplitude Will return to the input of the loop unchanged in amplitude. This may be better understood by reference toV Fig. 6. Y

The curves of Fig. 6 have beenplotted with a double ordinate. The right-hand ordinate indicates the relative output of only the expander and/or limiter. The left-hand ordinate indi. cates the relative output of the complete loop and includes the amplication introduced by amplifier 2e as Well as the distributed losses. in the loop. It may be seen that the unity loop gain line intersects the combined expander-limiter characteristic at one-half standard amplitude relative input indicating that a pulse of this amplitude will theoretically circulate unchanged. In a practical case, small variations will change such a pulse sufficiently tocause it to go one Way or the other.

From the characteristic oi the complete loop, it may be seen that the loop gain lis reduced below unity as the signal level decreases below one-half standard amplitude. For pulses of greater than one-half standard amplitude, the loop has a gain of greater than unity as long as the pulses do not exceed the limit set by the limiter El. For the characteristic shown, the loop gain increases as the input level approaches .7 unit of standard amplitude at which level the limiter prevents any appreciable further increases. Inputs of greater than .7 unit reappear at the expander El! input with unity standard amplitude.

The amplified and partially reshaped pulses appearing in Wave guide 6i are returned to the input of expander 2| by Way of the p and d arms of hybrid junction 2l', the filter 25 comprising the spaced irises 62, the coaxial line 25', and the a ands arms of hybridjunction i3; The total delay of the loop is controlled by cutting the coaxial line 26 to the proper length which in the present illustrative case would be sufficient to give the loop a total delay of 1.1 periods.

Part of the power applied to hybrid junction lil is applied by Way of the b-arm of thehybrid to the input of traveling-Wave amplifier 28 which is similar to the input gated amplifier i6. The sinusoidally varying control waveform appearing on output leads 43 of the tuned amplifier l5 is coupled into the tuned circuit of the output arn plifier 28 by the link 63. This control Waveform is illustrated as Waveform VII of Fig. 5. Control waveform VII is timed with reference to the pulse occurrence times so that it will pass through zero voltage on its positive excursion only when a pulse which has made ve trips through. the expander El appears in hybrid junction 27. The pulses appearing in hybrid junction 21 have not been delayed by delay circuit 26 and therefore, on a time scale, appear as shown in waveform VI of Fig. 5. The control Waveform VII is delayed rela- 1 1 which have made their predetermined numberv of trips through the loop will be passed and reshaped by lter 29 and appear in the output wave guide 64 as illustrated in Waveform IX of Fig. 5.

Even though a pulse is gated out of the loop a portion of it will continue to circulate in the loop and if not removed will eventually interfere with subsequent pulses. It is the purpose of the blanking gate 23 to remove such pulses from the loop. The blanking gate comprises a hybrid junction with its a and b arms terminated in crystal rectiers 65. which structure is similar to the structure of both the expander 2l and limiter 22. The sinusoidally varying control wave Vuof Fig. 5 which appears on output leads 42 is applied through resistor 56 to the rectiers S5 as a biasing current. This bias varies the imped ance of the rectiiiers due to their ncn-ohmic characteristic and hence varies the impedance termination of the hybrid d and vb arms. When the wanted pulse segments pass through the gate 23, it is important that the gate present a substantially constant low loss to the incident energy. Also when the unwanted pulses are present in the gate, it is desired that the gate present a high loss to incident energy so that the unwanted pulse will be attenuated sufhciently in several trips to be efectually removed from the loop.

Due to the sinusoidally varying bias, the transition Vfrom a high loss state to a low loss state and vice versa is necessarily gradual with periods of intermediate attenuation of varying degrees. If several circulating periods are reserved for attenuation, it is more important that a constant low loss be presented to the Wanted pulses than e. constant high loss be presented to the unwanted pulses.

In the present illustrative example, the incoming pulse segments are circulated through the expander and limiter ve times before being gated into the output. Referring now to Fig. '7 the current, whose positive direction of ow is indicated by the arrows, and which is applied to the rectifier 65 of Fig. 3 biases the rectiers during the entire negative half-cycle so as to greatly mismatch their associated wave-guide arms and hence reflect substantially all incident energy for a like period. The relative output to input ratio of the pulse segments passed by the gate 23 is indicated by the dotted line curve El as the control current 68 varies. The transition to a high loss begins to take effect only after` the control current has swung positive. The attenuation reaches a maximum at the positive peak of the control wave at which voltage the rectiiers are biased to substantially the characteristic wave guidev impedance. Since a pulse segment may circulate through the loop ve times after it has been gated out of the loop, it will be evident that during one of these iive trips, the unwanted segment will be subjected to the peak attenuation condition and that it will be substantially removed from the loop before it can interfere with a subsequent pulse.

Since the structure of the blanking gate is similar to that of the expander and limiter, either of the latter may be connected to perform the blanking function as well as their normal function.v However, if the blanking gate is inserted in the loop where the signal level is lowest, it will be least affected by variations in pulse amplitudes and will hence tend to act as a gate rather than an expander or limiter. y Y

The timing and reshaping of the pulse segments will now be explained with particular reference to Fig. 5. A sample of the input wave, waveform I is taken at the mid-period of the nominal pulse occurrence time under the control oi the sinusoidal voltage, waveform II which opens the input gate. The gated segments appearing in the b arm of hybrid junction I8, waveform III, are proportional in amplitude to the amplitude of the signal wave and are one-tenth of a pulse period in duration.

The pulse segments appearing in the s arm of hybrid junction I8 are shown as waveform IV. The segments have been lettered and some shaded 'to facilitate identication as their progress is traced through the loop. The first gatedpulse segment, pulse A, is just greater than the slicing level which is the half standard amplitude previously referred to. Assuming that its actual magnitude is .51 unit, it may be seen from the loop characteristic of Fig. 5 that after one trip through the expander, limiter7 and amplier, pulse A will reappear after la delay of 1.1 pulse periods at the input 1of expander 2i as a pulse of .52 unit. This pulse is indicated on waveform IV as pulse A1,'the subscript denoting the number of trips completed through the loop. A second trip will increase the pulse to .545 unit as indicated at Az and ak third trip will increase the segment to .62 unit as shown by A3. The fourth trip will increase the pulse to .83 unit and a flf'th trip will bring it to the standard amplitude of one unit asl shown at A4 and A5 respectively.

Pulse segm-ent B is substantially less than .5 unit and is attenuated to zero on the second trip through the expander. Pulse C has an amplitude of .49 unit and is not removed until after the fourth trip through the loop. Pulse D is exactly unity amplitude and circulates unchanged. Pulse F is greater than unity amplitude and after being limited to one unit on its first trip through the loop, circulates as a pulse of standard amplitude. Thus, with an expander characteristic as shown in Fig. 6, ve trips through the expander -will be suflicient in most cases to either return pulses to standard amplitude or to attenuate Ynoise during spaces to zero.

The envelope of the pulses appearing at hybrid junction 2l are shown as waveform VI of Fig. 5.

These pulses have not been delayed by delay line 26 ,but only by amplier 24 and associated Wave guide which fact is indicated fby the primes imposed on the pulse designations. The timing of the control wave of waveform VII is determined from the delay between hybrid junction I8 and hybrid junction 21 and the relative location in a pulse period of a pulse segment which has completed its predetermined number of usefultrips through the loop. In the illustrative example, the delay between hybrid junctions I8 and 2 is .25 pulse period. Further since the loop delay is equal to 1.1 periods and each pulse makes five reshaping trips through the expander, a .pulse segment is gated from the loop on the trip which it commences centered at .4 unit of a pulse periodV that is, 5.4 periods after having entered hybrid junction i8. The sinusoidal control waveform VII which opens the output gate is therefore delayed .4 plus .25 or .65 unit of a pulse period with respect to the control waveform I which opens the input gate. This mayV readily be seen from the waveforms of Fig. 5.

The segments gated by output gate 2S are shown in Waveform VIII and after shaping by filter 29 appear as shown in waveform IX.

. It will be noted that the incoming pulses are not only reshaped but also accurately retimed. Even though the` shapes of consecutive incoming pulses may vary from pulse topulse thefrequency of the output of the timing circuit comprising'the rectifier l2, llter i3 andlampliers I4 and l'will change only in response to slow variations inthe pulse repetition rate so that those pulses whose peaks have lbeen shifted slightly from their nominal occurrence time will be returned to their proper occurrence time relative to the other pulses as is shown by waveform IX of Fig. 5. Also the timing circuit is designed to have sufcient iiywheel eect so that the' control wave` forms Will be uninterrupted even though no pulses are received for several periods;

It will also be noted that the repeater in the disclosed embodiment shifts the' center frequency of the incoming pulses by an amount due to the frequency shiftsinduced by the input sate . y 1 M (eg) and the output gate If it is desired to repeat thesignal wavewithout a shift in the radio frequency content,l either the control wave II which operates the input gate or the control wave VII whichloperates the output gate may be shifted in phase 180 degrees, and,

by adjusting the associated filter Il or 2'9 to select only the pulse gated by the negative going swing of the control wave,.the net. frequency change in the repeater will be approximately zero'.

Although the invention has been described with vparticular reference to a specific embodiment numerous other modifications ,will readilyV occur to one skilled in the art Iwithout departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.` Further, the invention is not limited init's application to pulse repeaters; for example, it may be applied to terminal, testing or other radioequipment wherein it is desired to periodically sample a signal wave.

What is claimed is:

i. In a pulse-shaping circuit `for periodic pulses comprising pulse regenerator means having van input and an output and means for circulating pulses applied to said input through said regenerator, means for gating said periodic pulses to obtain narrow segments therefrom which comprises a traveling-wave amplifier having a helix and a cathode, said amplier also having an input and an output, means for applying said periodic pulses to the input of said-ampliiier,` directcurrent biasing means connected `between said cathode and said helix to form a stream of electrons which flows from said cathode along said helix,v a source of voltagevarying in a regularly recurrent manner, meanstolimpress said varying voltage on said direct-currentbias, means connecting the output of said amplier to the input of said regenerator, and means connected to Ithe output of said pulse regenerator to gate pulses out of said regenerator.

2. The combination according to claim I wherein said last-named gating means comprises a second traveling-Wave amplifierhaving a helix anda cathode, saidsecondainplier also having aninputiand an output',` direct-current biasing meansconnected between the said cathode and said" helix of said second traveling-Wave amplilier to forml a stream oi" electrons whichK flows from said cathode along said helix,A a source of voltage varying in aregularly'recurrent manner, means to impress said varying voltage on. the said direct-current biasot` said secondi traveling.- wave ampliiie'r and means connecting the output of said pulse regenerator to thevinputof said second traveling-wave amplifier.

3. The combinationin asystem for the translmission of intelligence by signals modulated by recurrent pulses and spaces wherein said pulses may become distorted andi said -spaces may be `replaced by an appreciable noise signal 4ofmean's for reshaping said pulses and attenuating said noise land gating means forintroducing short segments of said modulated signal-s into said reshaping means, said gating means comprising a traveling-Wave amplifier having a cathode and a helix, an input and an output for saidl amplifier', means for applying said modulated signals to the input of said amplier, a source of sinusoidally varying voltage connected between said cathode and said helix andmeans connecting the output of said amplifier to the input of said reshaping,r means.

4; The combination in accordance with claim 3 andsaidhsinusoidal voltage having a range of instant-aneous values such that said amplifier will be biased at the optimum value for amplii-cation for a relatively small portion of a cycle of saidsinusoidal voltage;`

5. The further combination in accordance with claim 4e and means responsive to said modulated signals to derive a voltage whichr varies atn the average pulse repetitionrate, and means tc syn*- chronize said source with said last-named voltage;

6. In a system for transmitting signal' Waves modulated by recurrent pulses-and spaces, a pulse shaping circuit having, an input and an output and comprising an expander, la limiter, and an amplifier connected in series in a closed' loop.. an input gate and an. output gate. connected', respectively, to the input andA` output of'said' circuit, means to apply said signals to said input gate, means responsiveto said` signals to derive. a voltagewhcl'i varies in 'a sinusoidal" manner at the average. pulse repetition'rate of saidmodulat'ed signal Waves, said input andoutput gates each comprising a travelingrwave amplifier having electron beam forming means and an input and an output, and meansto apply said voltage to said electron beam forming means to vary the velocity of the electrons in` said beam at said average pulse repetitionrate.

7. In a system for transmittingsignal'` waves modulated by recurrent pulses. `and spacesa loop circuit comprising an expander, an amplifier; and a limiter connected in ,series therein and having an input and' angoutputh a nrst gating means connected' to said' inputcomprisinga first travelinge-wave amplier having electronk beam form"- ing means and an input andan output,` means to apply saidl signal Waves tofgthe input of' said rst traveling-wave amplifier, a, second gating means connected to the output of` said loop circuit comprising a second traveling-wave amplifier having electron beam forming means and an input and an output, means responsive to said signal waves to derive two voltages which vary in frequency at the average-pulse repetition rate and are of a predetermined phase' relative to the nominal pulse occurrence times, means to apply one of said voltages to the electron beam forming means of said iirst traveling-wave amplifier to vary the velocity of the electrons in the beam of said iirst amplifier, and mean-s to apply the other of said voltages to the electron beam forming means of said second traveling-wave -amplier to v-ary the velocity of the electrons in the beam of said second traveling-Wave amplifier.

8. In a system for the transmission of signal waves modulated by recurrent pulses and spaces, a circulating pulse regenerator having an input and an output and comprising a loop circuit having connected in series therein means to increase the amplitude of all pulses greater than a predetermined amplitude relative to the amplitude of all other pulses, amplifier means, and means to limit the maximum amplitude of circulating pulses, a first gating means connected to the input of said regenerator comprising a rst traveling-wave ampliiier having an input and an output, means to form an electron beam in said nrst traveling wave amplier, means to apply said signal waves to the input of said first traveling wave amplifier, a second gating means comprising a second traveling-wave ampliiier, having an input an ouput, connected to the output oi said regenerator, means to form an electron beam in said second traveling-wave ampliiier, a timing circuit comprising means responsive to said signal waves to derive two voltages varying sinusoidally at the average pulse repetition rate which are of a predetermined phase relative to the nominal pulse occurrencev time, means to apply one of said voltages to the electron beam forming means of 'said` first traveling-wave amplifier to vary theV velocity of the electrons in the beam of said iirst amplier, and means to apply the other of said voltages to the electron beam forming means of said second tranvelingwave Aampliiier to vary the velocity of the elec- 1 trons in the beam of said second amplifier.

9. The combination in accordance with claim 8, wherein said timing circuit comprises means responsive to said signal waves to derive three voltages varying sinusoidally at the average pulse repetition rate which are of a predetermined phase relative to the nominal pulsefoccurrence times, voltage responsive variable attenuation means connected in said loop circuit, and means to apply the third of :aid voltages to said voltage responsive means to control said attenuation.

10. The combination in accordance with claim e, wherein said variable attenuation means comprise a hybrid wave-guide junction having two of its conjugately related arms terminated by crystal rectiflers, one of said two arms being a .quarter of a wave-length longer than the other, and wherein the said third voltage is applied to ,said crystals as a bias.

11. A pulse shaping circuit for recurrent pulses which comprises means to receive said recurrent pulses, a timing circuit comprising means to produce a plurality of sinusoidally varying voltages of a frequency determined by the repetition rate of input pulses, means toapply said recurrent pulses to said timing circuit, gating means under control of a first of said sinusoidal voltages to gate said recurrent pulses to obtain narrow segments therefrom, means to also apply said recurrent pulses to said gating means, pulse regenerator means having an input and an output and means for through said regenerator and comprising means to reshape said segments and a wave-guide hybrid junction having two of its conjugately recirculating pulses applied to said input lated arms terminated in crystal rectiiier's, one of said two arms being an odd integral multiple of a quarter of a wavelength longer th-an the other, means to apply a second of said sinusoidal voltages to said crystals as a bias, means to apply said narrow segments to the input of said regenerator means, and an output gate under control of a third of said sinusoidal voltages connected to the output of said regenerator means,

l2. A radio repeater for signal waves modulated by recurrent pulses and spaces which comprises a first traveling-wave amplifier having an electron beam and an input and an output, means to apply said signal waves to said amplifier, a timing circuit comprising means to generate a plurality of sinusoidally varying voltages having a frequency equal to the average repetition rate of input pulses, means to also apply said signal wave to said timing circuit, means to apply a nrst of said sinusoidal voltages to said first amplifier to vary the voltage of the electron beam thereof to render said ampliiier alternately operative and inoperative, means comprising said timing circuit to time the occurrence of said iirst voltage to cause the electron beam voltage of said first amplifier to substantially equal the optimum value for amplication once each cycle at the mid-period of the nominal pulse occurrence time of said recurrent pulses at said amplifier, a pulse shaping circuit having an input and an output and comprising means to increase the amplitude of all energy greater than a predetermined amount relative to all other energy, a limiter, and an amplier connected in series in a closed loop, means to inject the output of said i-lrst amplifier into said pulse shaping circuit, a second traveling-Wave ampliiier having electron beam forming mea-ns and an input and an ouput, means connecting the input of said second ampliiier to the output of said pulse shaping circuit to receive energy therefrom, means to apply a second of said sinusoidal voltages to said second amplifier to vary the voltage of the electron beam thereof to render said second amplier alternately operative and inoperative, means comprising said timing circuit to time the occurrence of said second voltage to cause the electron beam voltage oi said second amplifier to substantially equal the optimum value for amplication once each cycle substantially simultaneously with the occurrence at the input of said second traveling wave ampliiier of a pulse segment which has circulated through said loop for a predetermined number of trips, and transmission means connected to the ouput of said second traveling wave amplifier.

CARL B.. H. FELDMAN.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the iile of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Name Date Levy Dec. 24, 1946 OTHER REFERENCES Number 

